The practical geopolitics of the Portuguese Estado Novo in the context of the colonial war (1955-1974)
Abstract
The following work aims to analyze, from critical geopolitics, and specifically, from the possibilities offered by practical geopolitics, the essence of the discourse of the Portuguese state authorities in relation to their status as a colonial power. This, once the decolonization process began, from the beginning of the sixties. Specifically, the period covered by this work runs from 1955, the year in which he joined the United Nations, and until the end of the dictatorship, produced in 1974. For this purpose, the primary source is the sessions parliamentary sessions held in the Portuguese National Assembly and public interventions by the Head of State, António de Oliveira Salazar. In this way, this paper explores how the foundation of the country's foreign policy evolves, at a particularly convulsive moment in its history, where the legitimation/threat binomial holds a nuclear position in discursive terms.
References
Afonso, A. y Gomes, C. M., Guerra Colonial. Cruz Quebrada: Editorial Notícias, 2005
Agnew, J., Geopolítica. Una re-visión de la política mundial. Madrid: Trama, 2005
Antunes, J. F., A Guerra de África (1961-1974). Vol. II. Lisboa: Círculo de Leitores, 1995
Araujo, R., Portugal: the country that has contributed most to geographic knowledge of the globe. Lisboa: Litografia Nacional, 1947. Disponible en: http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-229837107 [Acceso el 11 de noviembre de 2022]
Cairo, H., «“Portugal is not a Small Country”: Maps and Propaganda in the Salazar Regime». Geopolitics, 11(3), 2006, 367-395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040600767867
Cairo, H., «Geopolítica popular del coronavirus: el poder de las viñetas editoriales de la prensa diaria». Geopolítica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder, 11(núm. Especial), 2020, 303-317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/geop.69373
Cardina, M. y Martins, S., «Evading the war: deserters and draft evaders from the Portuguese army during the colonial war». e-Journal of Portuguese History, 17(2), 2019. DOI: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:1104360/ [Acceso el 15 de noviembre de 2022]
Cardina, M., «A deserção à Guerra colonial: Historia, memoria e política», Revista de História das Ideias, 38, 2020, 181-204. DOI: https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhi/article/view/2183-8925_38_8/6400 [Acceso el 15 de noviembre de 2022] DOI: https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_38_8
Coelho, J. P. B., «African tropos in the portuguese colonial army, 1961-1974: Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique», Portuguese Studies Review, 10(1), 2002, 129-150
Coelho, J. P., «Da violencia colonial ordenada à orden pós-colonial violenta. Sobre um legado das guerras coloniais nas ex-colonias portuguesas», Lusotopie, 10, 2003, 175-193. DOI: https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1554 [Acceso el 15 de noviembre de 2022]
Cohn, C., «Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals», Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 12(4), 1987, 687-718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/494362
Corkill, D. y Pina, J. C., «Conmemoration and Propaganda in Salazar’s Portugal: The ‘Mundo Portugués’ Exposition of 1940», Journal of Contemporary History, 44(3), 2009, 381-399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009409104115
Cueto, A., «Portugal y su imperio frente a la descolonización, 1945-1962». Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea, 23, 2011, 161-200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5944/etfv.23.2011.1579
Dalby, S., «Calling 911: geopolitics, security and America’s new war». Geopolitics, 8(3), 2003, 61-86 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307712
Dalby, S., «Critical geopolitics: discourse, difference and dissent», Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 9(3), 1991, 261-283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/d090261
Dalby, S., «Geopolitics and global security: culture, identity and the ‘pogo syndrome’», en G. Ó’Tuathail y S. Dalby (eds.), Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge, 2002, 295-313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203058053
Davidson, B., «La lucha por la independencia en el África ‘portuguesa’». El Correo: África “portuguesa”. La lucha por la independencia. París: UNESCO, 1973, 4-8
Diário das Sessões, VII Legislatura, Sesión Legislativa 04, núm. 217, Secretaria da Assambleia Nacional, 30 de junio de 1961a
Diário das Sessões, VII Legislatura, Sesión Legislativa 04, núm. 205, Secretaria da Assambleia Nacional, 5 de abril de 1961c
Diário das Sessões, VII Legislatura, Sesión Legislativa 04, núm. 206, Secretaria da Assambleia Nacional, 6 de abril de 1961b
Diário das Sessões, VIII Legislatura, Sesión Legislativa 02, núm. 094, Secretaria da Assambleia Nacional, 19 de abril de 1963a
Diário das Sessões, VIII Legislatura, Sesión Legislativa 02, núm. 074, Secretaria da Assambleia Nacional, 23 de enero de 1963b
Diário das Sessões, IX Legislatura, Sesión Legislativa 02, núm. 045, Secretaria da Assambleia Nacional, 10 de diciembre de 1966
Diário das Sessões, IX Legislatura, Sesión Legislativa 01, núm. 037, Secretaria da Assambleia Nacional, 7 de marzo de 1974
Dijkink, G., National Identity and Geopolitical Visions. London: Routledge, 1996
Evans, M., «Colonial Fantasies Shattered», en D. Stone (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 480-501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0024
Galvão, H., No rumo do império. Porto: Litografia Nacional, 1934. Disponible en: https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:3293851 [Acceso el 11 de noviembre de 2022]
Guerra, J. P., Memorias das Guerras Coloniais. Porto: Edições Afrontamento, 1994
Ó’Tuathail, G. y Agnew, J., «Geopolitics and discourse: Practical geopolitical reasoning in American foreign policy», Political Geography, 11(2), 1992, 190-204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-6298(92)90048-X
Ó’Tuathail, G. y Dalby, S., «Introduction: Rethinking Geopolitics. Towards a critical geopolitics», en G. Ó’Tuathail y S. Dalby (eds.), Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge, 2002, 1-15
Ó’Tuathail, G., «Theorizing practical geopolitical reasoning: the case of the United States’ response to the war in Bosnia», Political Geography, 21(5), 2002, 601-628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(02)00009-4
Oliveira, P. A., «Decolonization in Portuguese Africa», en T. T. Spear (dir.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.41 [Acceso el 11 de noviembre de 2022] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.41
Power, M., «Geo-politics and the representation of Portugal’s African colonial wars: examining the limits of ‘Vietnam syndrome’», Political Geography, 20(4), 2001, 461-491. DOI: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629801000038 [Acceso el 15 de noviembre de 2022] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(01)00003-8
Rodrigues, F. C., «A desmobilização dos combatentes africanos das Forças Armadas Portuguesas da Guerra Colonial», Ler História, 65, 2013, 113-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/lerhistoria.484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/lerhistoria.484
Salazar, A. O., 2016 [1963], «Política Ultramarina», en Discursos e Notas Políticas, 1928 a 1966. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 1041-1060
Salazar, A. O., 2016 [1967], «A política de África e os seus erros», en Discursos e Notas Políticas, 1928 a 1966. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 1101-1107
Shapiro, M., Violent Cartographies. Mapping Cultures of War. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997
Sharp, J. P., «Publishing American identity: popular geopolitics, myth and the Reader’s Digest», Political Geography, 12(6), 1993, 491-503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-6298(93)90001-N
Sharp, J. P., Condensing the Cold War. Reader’s Digest and American Identity. Minneapolis: University Minnesota Press, 2000
Sidaway, J. D., «Iberian geopolitics», en K. Dodds y D. Atkinson (eds.), Geopolitical Traditions. A century of geopolitical thought. London: Routledge, 2003, 118-149
Sociedade de Geografía de Lisboa, Mapa de cor-de-rosa, 1886. Disponible en: http://purl.pt/93/1/iconografia/imagens/cc976a/cc976a_3.jpg [Acceso el 11 de noviembre de 2022]
Teixeira, R. A., Guerra de África: Angola, 1961-1974. Lisboa: QuidNovi, 2006
Walker, R. B. J., Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511559150
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Mariano García de las Heras, Jerónimo Ríos Sierra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Downloads
Similar Articles
- Mireia Delgado Castresana, Pedro Limón López, The Brazilian War College: modern heritage and sovereign singularity. , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 11 (2022)
- Javier de Pablo, Elisabetta Di Minico, An anti-geopolitical discourse on Angolan identity: The traumatic history of colonialism in Angola through Teoría General del Olvido , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 11 (2022)
- María Victoria Buznego Jiménez, Portuguese colonialism and neoextractivism in Brazil: an analogy of colonial continuity , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 11 (2022)
- Michela Graziosi, Violence, torture and the struggle for survival in the life and works of Luandino Vieira , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 11 (2022)
- Antonio García Palacios, British Empire. The decline of the old colonial empires , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 6 (2020): June- MMXX
- Alberto Rico Sánchez, The Portuguese Police Model in the African Colonies (1900-1974) , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 16 (2025)
- Miguel Madueño Álvarez, Approach to the concept and typologies of colonial war , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 1 (2017): December - MMXVII
- Alberto Consuegra Sanfiel, Spanish A colonial war out of time: the Second Italo-abyssinian conflict (1935-1941) , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 10 (2022)
- Juliana Bezerra de Menezes, The two sides of the same coin: Portuguese participation in the European and African front during the First World War , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 2 (2018): June- MMXVIII
- Diego Fernández Nicolás, The rivalry between political Islamism and Arab nationalism in Egypt, from the leadership of the struggle against colonialism to the present day , Guerra Colonial. Colonialismo, procesos postcoloniales y relaciones internacionales: No. 12 (2023): Nationalism as an actor in International Relations: evolution, trajectory and manifestations past and present
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.